Maria Montessori - Revision history

MontessoriX: Protected "Maria Montessori" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

2023-07-24T08:03:03Z

Protected "Maria Montessori" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:03, 24 July 2023
(No difference)

MontessoriX at 05:49, 23 July 2023

2023-07-23T05:49:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:49, 23 July 2023
Line 19:		Line 19:
	}}		}}
	<hr>{{clear}}		<hr>{{clear}}
	{{Blockquote\|text='''Montessori X''' is delighted to present '''Montepedia''', a comprehensive resource designed to deepen your understanding of '''Maria Montessori''' and her innovative educational method. The content has been thoughtfully curated to facilitate easy translation into multiple languages. We encourage you to engage with '''Montepedia''', contribute improved translations, and suggest necessary edits. This initiative is part of our broader '''"Montessori Restoration and Translation Project,"''' aimed at '''making Montessori education accessible to all, worldwide'''. We're dedicated to creating '''open, free, and affordable resources''' for anyone interested in Montessori Education, and to cultivating '''authentic Montessori environments globally'''. \|author='''Your support at https://ko-fi.com/montessori [https://ko-fi.com/I2I73O818 https://montessoriphuket.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/kofi-Support-Montepedia-button-white-1.png] is greatly appreciated. Thank you!'''}} }}		{{MontepediaDonate1}}
			}}

	[[File:Chiaravalle (Ancona) - casa natale di Maria Montessori in piazza Mazzini.JPG\|thumb\|Chiaravalle (Ancona) - birthplace of Maria Montessori in piazza Mazzini]]		[[File:Chiaravalle (Ancona) - casa natale di Maria Montessori in piazza Mazzini.JPG\|thumb\|Chiaravalle (Ancona) - birthplace of Maria Montessori in piazza Mazzini]]
Line 354:		Line 355:
	===Images===		===Images===
	* [https://montessoricentenary.org/photos/index.html Free Maria Montessori and global Montessori Images at the '''Montessori Centenary''']		* [https://montessoricentenary.org/photos/index.html Free Maria Montessori and global Montessori Images at the '''Montessori Centenary''']
			* [https://www.flickr.com/search/?is_commons=1&text=Montessori Montessori at Flickr The Commons]

	===Libraries===		===Libraries===

MontessoriX at 18:00, 22 July 2023

2023-07-22T18:00:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:00, 23 July 2023
Line 19:		Line 19:
	}}		}}
	<hr>{{clear}}		<hr>{{clear}}
	{{Blockquote\|text='''Montessori X''' is delighted to present '''Montepedia''', a comprehensive resource designed to deepen your understanding of '''Maria Montessori''' and her innovative educational method. The content has been thoughtfully curated to facilitate easy translation into multiple languages. We encourage you to engage with '''Montepedia''', contribute improved translations, and suggest necessary edits. This initiative is part of our broader '''"Montessori Restoration and Translation Project,"''' aimed at '''making Montessori education accessible to all, worldwide'''. We're dedicated to creating '''open, free, and affordable resources''' for anyone interested in Montessori Education, and to cultivating '''authentic Montessori environments globally'''. \|author='''Your support at https://ko-fi.com/montessori [https://ko-fi.com/I2I73O818 https://~~storage~~.ko-~~fi.com~~/~~cdn~~/~~kofi5~~.png] is greatly appreciated. Thank you!'''}} }}		{{Blockquote\|text='''Montessori X''' is delighted to present '''Montepedia''', a comprehensive resource designed to deepen your understanding of '''Maria Montessori''' and her innovative educational method. The content has been thoughtfully curated to facilitate easy translation into multiple languages. We encourage you to engage with '''Montepedia''', contribute improved translations, and suggest necessary edits. This initiative is part of our broader '''"Montessori Restoration and Translation Project,"''' aimed at '''making Montessori education accessible to all, worldwide'''. We're dedicated to creating '''open, free, and affordable resources''' for anyone interested in Montessori Education, and to cultivating '''authentic Montessori environments globally'''. \|author='''Your support at https://ko-fi.com/montessori [https://ko-fi.com/I2I73O818 https://montessoriphuket.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/kofi-Support-Montepedia-button-white-1.png] is greatly appreciated. Thank you!'''}} }}

	[[File:Chiaravalle (Ancona) - casa natale di Maria Montessori in piazza Mazzini.JPG\|thumb\|Chiaravalle (Ancona) - birthplace of Maria Montessori in piazza Mazzini]]		[[File:Chiaravalle (Ancona) - casa natale di Maria Montessori in piazza Mazzini.JPG\|thumb\|Chiaravalle (Ancona) - birthplace of Maria Montessori in piazza Mazzini]]
Line 30:		Line 30:
	==Life and career==		==Life and career==
	[https://www.springsmontessori.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/The-Life-and-Legacy-of-Maria-Montessori.pdf The Life and Legacy of Maria Montessori by Daniel Clifford - PDF]		[https://www.springsmontessori.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/The-Life-and-Legacy-of-Maria-Montessori.pdf The Life and Legacy of Maria Montessori by Daniel Clifford - PDF]
	~~[[File:Maria Montessori (Frise Chronologique).jpg\|Maria_Montessori_(Frise_Chronologique)]]~~
	~~{{main\|Maria Montessori Timeline}}~~

	===Birth and family===		===Birth and family===
Line 39:		Line 37:

	Despite the absence of any specific mentor in her life, Maria had a deep connection with her mother who actively nurtured and encouraged her ambitions. Her father, while loving, was not entirely supportive of her decision to pursue further education.{{sfn\|Flaherty\|nd}}{{clear}}		Despite the absence of any specific mentor in her life, Maria had a deep connection with her mother who actively nurtured and encouraged her ambitions. Her father, while loving, was not entirely supportive of her decision to pursue further education.{{sfn\|Flaherty\|nd}}{{clear}}
			[[File:Maria Montessori (Frise Chronologique).jpg\|Maria_Montessori_(Frise_Chronologique)]]
			{{main\|Maria Montessori Timeline}}

	===1883–1896: Journey through Education===		===1883–1896: Journey through Education===

MontessoriX at 18:21, 21 July 2023

2023-07-21T18:21:19Z

Show changes

MontessoriX at 16:25, 21 July 2023

2023-07-21T16:25:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:25, 21 July 2023
Line 24:		Line 24:

	'''Maria Tecla Artemisia Montessori''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|m\|ɒ\|n\|t\|ɪ\|ˈ\|s\|ɔːr\|i}} {{respell\|MON\|tiss\|OR\|ee}}, {{IPA-it\|maˈriːa montesˈsɔːri\|lang}}; 31 August 1870 – 6 May 1952) was an Italian physician and educator best known for [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Montessori_education\|her philosophy of education] and her writing on scientific [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/pedagogy pedagogy]. At an early age, Montessori enrolled in classes at an all-boys technical school, with hopes of becoming an engineer. She soon had a change of heart and began medical school at the [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome Sapienza University of Rome], becoming one of the first women to attend medical school in Italy; she graduated with honors in 1896. Her educational method is in use today in many public and private schools globally.		'''Maria Tecla Artemisia Montessori''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|m\|ɒ\|n\|t\|ɪ\|ˈ\|s\|ɔːr\|i}} {{respell\|MON\|tiss\|OR\|ee}}, {{IPA-it\|maˈriːa montesˈsɔːri\|lang}}; 31 August 1870 – 6 May 1952) was an Italian physician and educator best known for [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Montessori_education\|her philosophy of education] and her writing on scientific [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/pedagogy pedagogy]. At an early age, Montessori enrolled in classes at an all-boys technical school, with hopes of becoming an engineer. She soon had a change of heart and began medical school at the [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome Sapienza University of Rome], becoming one of the first women to attend medical school in Italy; she graduated with honors in 1896. Her educational method is in use today in many public and private schools globally.
			[[File:Maria Montessori (um 1880).jpg\|thumb\|279x279px\|Maria Montessori circa 1880]]

	==Life and career==		==Life and career==
Line 29:		Line 30:

	===Birth and family===		===Birth and family===
	~~[[File:Maria Montessori (um 1880).jpg\|left\|thumb\|279x279px\|Maria Montessori circa 1880]]~~

	* Maria Montessori was brought into the world on the 31st day of August in the year 1870 in the Italian town of [[Chiaravalle, Marche\|Chiaravalle]].<ref name="Clifford">[https://www.springsmontessori.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/The-Life-and-Legacy-of-Maria-Montessori.pdf The Life and Legacy of Maria Montessori] by Daniel Clifford.</ref>		* Maria Montessori was brought into the world on the 31st day of August in the year 1870 in the Italian town of [[Chiaravalle, Marche\|Chiaravalle]].<ref name="Clifford">[https://www.springsmontessori.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/The-Life-and-Legacy-of-Maria-Montessori.pdf The Life and Legacy of Maria Montessori] by Daniel Clifford.</ref>
	* Her father, known as Alessandro Montessori, was a 33-year-old civil servant at the Ministry of Finance who served in the locally run state tobacco factory.<ref name="Clifford"/>		* Her father, known as Alessandro Montessori, was a 33-year-old civil servant at the Ministry of Finance who served in the locally run state tobacco factory.<ref name="Clifford"/>
Line 130:		Line 129:

	In 1909, Montessori held the first teacher training course in her new method in Città di Castello, Italy. The same year, she documented her observations and methods in a book titled ''Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica Applicato All'Educazione Infantile Nelle Case Dei Bambini''.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1p=137\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2p=57}} Her reputation and work began to spread internationally, and she decided to give up her medical practice to dedicate more time to her educational work and the training of teachers.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1pp=147, 150, 155\|Standing\|1957\|2pp=58–61\|Trabalzini\|2011\|3pp=103–104}} By 1919, she resigned from her position at the University of Rome, as her growing educational endeavors started to demand more of her time and interest.		In 1909, Montessori held the first teacher training course in her new method in Città di Castello, Italy. The same year, she documented her observations and methods in a book titled ''Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica Applicato All'Educazione Infantile Nelle Case Dei Bambini''.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1p=137\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2p=57}} Her reputation and work began to spread internationally, and she decided to give up her medical practice to dedicate more time to her educational work and the training of teachers.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1pp=147, 150, 155\|Standing\|1957\|2pp=58–61\|Trabalzini\|2011\|3pp=103–104}} By 1919, she resigned from her position at the University of Rome, as her growing educational endeavors started to demand more of her time and interest.
	[[File:Maria ~~Montessori1913~~.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|Maria Montessori ~~in 1913~~]]		[[File:Maria Montessori LCCN2014694934.tif\|thumb\|Maria Montessori]]

	===1909–1915: Global Recognition and Expansion of Montessori Education===		===1909–1915: Global Recognition and Expansion of Montessori Education===
Line 138:		Line 137:

	Montessori's works were translated and published widely during this period. ''Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica'' was published in the US as ''The Montessori Method: Scientific Pedagogy as Applied to Child Education in the Children's Houses'', and quickly became a bestseller.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1p=137\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2p=57}} Following editions were published in Britain and Switzerland, along with a revised Italian edition in 1913. Russian and Polish editions were released in 1913, with German, Japanese, and Romanian editions in 1914, and Spanish, Dutch, and Danish editions in the subsequent years. Another work, ''Pedagogical Anthropology'', was published in English in 1913.{{sfn\|Trabalzini\|2011\|pp=106–107}} In 1914, Montessori published ''Doctor Montessori's Own Handbook'', a practical guide to her didactic materials, in English.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1p=174\|Trabalzini\|2pp=103–104}}		Montessori's works were translated and published widely during this period. ''Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica'' was published in the US as ''The Montessori Method: Scientific Pedagogy as Applied to Child Education in the Children's Houses'', and quickly became a bestseller.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1p=137\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2p=57}} Following editions were published in Britain and Switzerland, along with a revised Italian edition in 1913. Russian and Polish editions were released in 1913, with German, Japanese, and Romanian editions in 1914, and Spanish, Dutch, and Danish editions in the subsequent years. Another work, ''Pedagogical Anthropology'', was published in English in 1913.{{sfn\|Trabalzini\|2011\|pp=106–107}} In 1914, Montessori published ''Doctor Montessori's Own Handbook'', a practical guide to her didactic materials, in English.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1p=174\|Trabalzini\|2pp=103–104}}
			[[File:Maria Montessori1913.jpg\|thumb\|Maria Montessori in 1913]]

	====Montessori in the United States====		====Montessori in the United States====
Line 147:		Line 147:

	After Montessori left in 1915, the Montessori movement in the US fragmented, and Montessori education was a marginal factor in American education until it experienced a resurgence in 1952.{{sfn\|Kramer\|1976\|pp=230–231}}		After Montessori left in 1915, the Montessori movement in the US fragmented, and Montessori education was a marginal factor in American education until it experienced a resurgence in 1952.{{sfn\|Kramer\|1976\|pp=230–231}}
			[[File:Maria Montessori & Samuel Sidney McClure 1914.jpg\|thumb\|Maria_Montessori_&_Samuel_Sidney_McClure_1914]]

	===1915–1939: Continued Development of Montessori Education===		===1915–1939: Continued Development of Montessori Education===
Line 172:		Line 173:
	====Peace Advocacy====		====Peace Advocacy====
	In 1932, Montessori spoke on the theme of Peace and Education at the International Peace Club in Geneva, Switzerland{{sfn\|Trabalzini\|2011\|p=157}}, and at the Second International Montessori Congress in Nice, France. Montessori held peace conferences from 1932 to 1939 in Geneva, [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels Brussels], [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen Copenhagen], and [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht Utrecht], which were later published in Italian as ''Educazione e Pace'', and in English as ''Education and Peace''.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1p=330\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2p=173}} Her lectures were later published in her work ''Education and Peace''. Montessori was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1949, 1950, and 1951, receiving a total of six nominations.<ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=6383\| title = Nomination Database – Peace \| date = April 2020 \| publisher = [[Nobelprize.org]] \| access-date = 1 May 2021}}</ref>		In 1932, Montessori spoke on the theme of Peace and Education at the International Peace Club in Geneva, Switzerland{{sfn\|Trabalzini\|2011\|p=157}}, and at the Second International Montessori Congress in Nice, France. Montessori held peace conferences from 1932 to 1939 in Geneva, [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels Brussels], [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen Copenhagen], and [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht Utrecht], which were later published in Italian as ''Educazione e Pace'', and in English as ''Education and Peace''.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1p=330\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2p=173}} Her lectures were later published in her work ''Education and Peace''. Montessori was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1949, 1950, and 1951, receiving a total of six nominations.<ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=6383\| title = Nomination Database – Peace \| date = April 2020 \| publisher = [[Nobelprize.org]] \| access-date = 1 May 2021}}</ref>
			[[File:Huiskamer wordt Montessori lokaal in Oktober 1939.jpg\|thumb\|Huiskamer_wordt_Montessori_lokaal_in_Oktober_1939\|Living room becomes Montessori Room in October 1939]]
			[[File:Huiskamer wordt Montessori lokaal in Oktober 1939.jpg\|Huiskamer_wordt_Montessori_lokaal_in_Oktober_1939]]

	====Laren, the Netherlands (1936–1939)====		====Laren, the Netherlands (1936–1939)====
	In 1936, after leaving Barcelona, Montessori and her family moved to Laren, near Amsterdam, in the Netherlands. Here, Montessori and her son Mario developed new materials including knobless cylinders, grammar symbols, and botany nomenclature cards.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1p=337\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2p=161}} During this time, Montessori became more invested in the theme of peace as tensions rose in Europe. She held the 6th International Montessori Congress in 1937, centered on the theme of "Education for Peace", and called for a "science of peace", pointing to the education of the child as a key to societal reform.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1p=339\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2p=162}} In 1938, the Theosophical Society invited Montessori to India to give a training course, and in 1939, amid the looming threat of World War II, she and her son Mario left the Netherlands for India, a trip that was initially planned for three months but ended up lasting seven years.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1pp=340–341\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2p=165}}		In 1936, after leaving Barcelona, Montessori and her family moved to Laren, near Amsterdam, in the Netherlands. Here, Montessori and her son Mario developed new materials including knobless cylinders, grammar symbols, and botany nomenclature cards.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1p=337\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2p=161}} During this time, Montessori became more invested in the theme of peace as tensions rose in Europe. She held the 6th International Montessori Congress in 1937, centered on the theme of "Education for Peace", and called for a "science of peace", pointing to the education of the child as a key to societal reform.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1p=339\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2p=162}} In 1938, the Theosophical Society invited Montessori to India to give a training course, and in 1939, amid the looming threat of World War II, she and her son Mario left the Netherlands for India, a trip that was initially planned for three months but ended up lasting seven years.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1pp=340–341\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2p=165}}
			[[File:Montessori Arundale.png\|thumb\|Maria Montessori with her son Mario (on the left) and the theosophist [[George Arundale]] with his wife [[Rukmini Devi Arundale\|Rukmini Devi]] (on the right), in India, circa 1939]]

	===1939–1946: Montessori in India===		===1939–1946: Montessori in India===
	{{main\|Montessori in India}}		{{main\|Montessori in India}}
	[[File:Montessori Arundale.png\|thumb\|Maria Montessori with her son Mario (on the left) and the theosophist [[George Arundale]] with his wife [[Rukmini Devi Arundale\|Rukmini Devi]] (on the right), in India, circa 1939]]
	Interest in Montessori education had been present in India since 1913 when an Indian student attended the first international course in Rome. Several students throughout the 1920s and 1930s had returned to India to establish schools and promote the Montessori method. In 1926, the Montessori Society of India was formed, and by 1927, Montessori's book "The Method" had been translated into Gujarati and Hindi.{{sfn\|Kramer\|1976\|p=342}} By 1929, Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore had established multiple "Tagore-Montessori" schools in India, demonstrating the nation's significant interest in Montessori education, which was also strongly represented at the International Congress in 1929.{{sfn\|Kramer\|1976\|pp=306–307}}		Interest in Montessori education had been present in India since 1913 when an Indian student attended the first international course in Rome. Several students throughout the 1920s and 1930s had returned to India to establish schools and promote the Montessori method. In 1926, the Montessori Society of India was formed, and by 1927, Montessori's book "The Method" had been translated into Gujarati and Hindi.{{sfn\|Kramer\|1976\|p=342}} By 1929, Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore had established multiple "Tagore-Montessori" schools in India, demonstrating the nation's significant interest in Montessori education, which was also strongly represented at the International Congress in 1929.{{sfn\|Kramer\|1976\|pp=306–307}}

Line 188:		Line 191:

	In 1944, the Montessoris were granted some freedom of movement and traveled to Sri Lanka. Montessori attended the first All India Montessori Conference in Jaipur in 1945. In 1946, following the conclusion of the war, she and her family returned to Europe.		In 1944, the Montessoris were granted some freedom of movement and traveled to Sri Lanka. Montessori attended the first All India Montessori Conference in Jaipur in 1945. In 1946, following the conclusion of the war, she and her family returned to Europe.
			[[File:Maria Montessori in Amsterdam, Bestanddeelnr 903-8465.jpg\|Maria_Montessori_in_Amsterdam,_Bestanddeelnr_903-8465]]

	===1946–1952: Final years===		===1946–1952: Final years===
Line 195:		Line 199:

	In 1949, Montessori returned to Europe and attended the 8th International Montessori Congress in San Remo, Italy, which included a demonstration of a model classroom. The same year marked the establishment of the first training course for educators of children from birth to three years of age, known as the Montessori School for Assistants to Infancy.{{sfn\|Trabalzini\|2011\|p=170}} She was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize this year and was also awarded the French Legion of Honor and the Officer of the Dutch Order of Orange Nassau. The University of Amsterdam also conferred her with an honorary doctorate.		In 1949, Montessori returned to Europe and attended the 8th International Montessori Congress in San Remo, Italy, which included a demonstration of a model classroom. The same year marked the establishment of the first training course for educators of children from birth to three years of age, known as the Montessori School for Assistants to Infancy.{{sfn\|Trabalzini\|2011\|p=170}} She was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize this year and was also awarded the French Legion of Honor and the Officer of the Dutch Order of Orange Nassau. The University of Amsterdam also conferred her with an honorary doctorate.
			[[File:Eredoctoraat voor Maria Montessori van de Gemeentelijke Universiteit van Amsterd, Bestanddeelnr 904-1942.jpg\|thumb\|Honorary doctorate for Maria Montessori from the Municipal University of Amsterdam. The degree is awarded by Prof. W.G. Vegting. In the audience behind Mrs. Montessori former minister G. Bolkestein, who also received an honorary doctorate]]

	In 1950, Montessori represented Italy at the UNESCO conference in Florence and delivered presentations at the 29th international training course in Perugia and a national course in Rome. She also published a fifth edition of "The Method" under a new title, "The Discovery of the Child". Once again, she was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. The following year, she participated in the 9th International Montessori Congress in London, delivered a training course in Innsbruck, and was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for the third time.		In 1950, Montessori represented Italy at the UNESCO conference in Florence and delivered presentations at the 29th international training course in Perugia and a national course in Rome. She also published a fifth edition of "The Method" under a new title, "The Discovery of the Child". Once again, she was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. The following year, she participated in the 9th International Montessori Congress in London, delivered a training course in Innsbruck, and was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for the third time.
Line 216:		Line 221:

	On 10 December 1951, the third anniversary of the [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights], Montessori was among the invited guests at the UNESCO commemoration event. As she had done six months earlier before the UNESCO Board of Governors, Montessori used her platform to bring attention to the absence of a "Declaration of the Rights of the Child," asserting, "in truth, the [Universal] Declaration of Human Rights appears to be exclusively dedicated to adult society."<ref name="Montessori 2019 Forgotten Citizen"/>		On 10 December 1951, the third anniversary of the [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights], Montessori was among the invited guests at the UNESCO commemoration event. As she had done six months earlier before the UNESCO Board of Governors, Montessori used her platform to bring attention to the absence of a "Declaration of the Rights of the Child," asserting, "in truth, the [Universal] Declaration of Human Rights appears to be exclusively dedicated to adult society."<ref name="Montessori 2019 Forgotten Citizen"/>
			[[File:Maria Montessori Grave.JPG\|thumb\|Grave of Maria Montessori (Roman Catholic Cemetery Noordwijk in Noordwijk, The Netherlands]]

	=== Death ===		=== Death ===

MontessoriX at 06:56, 21 July 2023

2023-07-21T06:56:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:56, 21 July 2023
Line 190:		Line 190:

	===1946–1952: Final years===		===1946–1952: Final years===
			{{Main\|Maria_Montessori,_Speech_at_the_Governing_Board_1951}}

	In 1946, Montessori, then 76 years old, returned to Amsterdam. Over the next six years, she traveled extensively throughout Europe and India, delivering lectures and establishing new educational institutions. In 1946, she conducted a training course in London and founded the Montessori Center. However, this center later became independent and was renamed the St. Nicholas Training Center. In 1947, Montessori returned to Italy to revive the Opera Nazionale Montessori and conducted two additional training courses. Later that year, she returned to India and delivered courses in Adyar and Ahmedabad, resulting in the first English edition of her book "The Absorbent Mind". She also introduced her concept of the Four Planes of Development during these courses.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1pp=348–355\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2pp=169–170}}		In 1946, Montessori, then 76 years old, returned to Amsterdam. Over the next six years, she traveled extensively throughout Europe and India, delivering lectures and establishing new educational institutions. In 1946, she conducted a training course in London and founded the Montessori Center. However, this center later became independent and was renamed the St. Nicholas Training Center. In 1947, Montessori returned to Italy to revive the Opera Nazionale Montessori and conducted two additional training courses. Later that year, she returned to India and delivered courses in Adyar and Ahmedabad, resulting in the first English edition of her book "The Absorbent Mind". She also introduced her concept of the Four Planes of Development during these courses.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1pp=348–355\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2pp=169–170}}

Line 284:		Line 286:
	* Gustav Czopp in conversation with [[Maria Montessori]] (1938).		* Gustav Czopp in conversation with [[Maria Montessori]] (1938).
	** [[File:Gustav Czopp in gesprek met Maria Montessori (1938).ogg]]		** [[File:Gustav Czopp in gesprek met Maria Montessori (1938).ogg]]
	** [https://www.vpro.nl/speel~POMS_VPRO_624598~diversen-de-radiovereniging~.html De Radiovereniging		** [https://www.vpro.nl/speel~POMS_VPRO_624598~diversen-de-radiovereniging~.html De Radiovereniging Diversen, 21 februari 1989]
	Diversen, 21 februari 1989]		*** Broadcast on various topics in response to letters from listeners, with interviews with the letter writers and fragments of:
	***		**** Gustav Czopp in conversation with Maria Montessori (1938);
			**** telephone conversation with Mario Montessori, grandson of Maria Montessori;
	*** 2:40 - 2:50 Quiz from Radio Luxembourg and Franz Nienhaus mentioned - Dutch		*** 2:40 - 2:50 Quiz from Radio Luxembourg and Franz Nienhaus mentioned - Dutch
	*** 4:12 - 5:00 Telephone conversation with Mario Montessori Jr., grandson of Maria Montessori and son of Mario Montessori Sr.- Dutch		*** 4:12 - 5:00 Telephone conversation with Mario Montessori Jr., grandson of Maria Montessori and son of Mario Montessori Sr.- Dutch

MontessoriX at 06:51, 21 July 2023

2023-07-21T06:51:23Z

@@ Line 200: / Line 200: @@
 Montessori played a pivotal role in the establishment of the [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Institute_for_Education_UNESCO Institute for Education], being actively involved in its inception in 1951. She was present during the initial meeting of the UNESCO Governing Board on 19 June 1951 in [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden Wiesbaden], Germany, where she gave a significant speech.<ref name="Montessori 1992 Address in 40th Ann UNESCO">{{cite book |first1=Maria |last1=Montessori |year=1992 |chapter=Address by Dr. Maria Montessori at the First (Preliminary) Meeting of the Governing Board (Wiesbaden, June 19, 1951) [translated from the German original] |title=The 40th Anniversary of the UNESCO Institute for Education |pages=49–51 |publisher=UNESCO Institute for Education |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000092025 }}</ref>
-In her address, she emphasized the rights of the child, a group she often referred to as the "forgotten citizen" or "neglected citizen."<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Maria |last1=Montessori |year=1935 |title=Dr. Montessori's Message: The Forgotten Citizen |journal=Montessori Notes |volume=2 |issue=15 |pages=162 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Maria |last1=Montessori |year=2007 |title=The Forgotten Citizen |journal=Montessori Life |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Maria |last1=Montessori |year=2016 |chapter=Protection Against the Exploitation of Children |editor1-first=Gunter |editor1-last=Schulz-Benesch |title=The Child, Society and the World: Unpublished Speeches and Writings |pages=79–82 |isbn=978-90-79506-34-7 }}</ref><ref name="Montessori 2019 Forgotten Citizen">{{cite book |first1=Maria |last1=Montessori |year=2019 |chapter=The Forgotten Citizen |editor1-first=G. |editor1-last=Sackett |title=Citizen of the World: Key Montessori Readings |pages=47–53 }}</ref><ref name="Montessori 1992 Address in 40th Ann UNESCO"/><ref>{{cite book |first1=Maria |last1=Montessori |year=2002 |chapter=Speech at the Governing Board 1951 |editor1-first=M. |editor1-last=Elfert |title=50 Years UNESCO Institute for Education: towards an open learning world |publisher=UNESCO Institute for Education |pages=32–34 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000126240 }}</ref> Her profound statement at the time was:<blockquote>Remember that people do not start at the age of twenty, at ten or at six, but at birth. In your efforts at solving problems, do not forget that children and young people make up a vast population, a population without rights which is being crucified on school-benches everywhere, which – for all that we talk about democracy, freedom and human rights – is enslaved by a school order, by intellectual rules, which we impose on it. We define the rules which are to be learnt, how they should be learnt and at what age. The child population is the only population without rights. The child is the neglected citizen. Think of this and fear the revenge of this populace. For it is his soul that we are suffocating. It is the lively powers of the mind that we are oppressing, powers which cannot be destroyed without killing the individual, powers which tend either towards violence or destruction, or slip away into the realm of sickness, as Dr. Stern has so well elucidated.<ref name="Montessori 1992 Address in 40th Ann UNESCO"/></blockquote>
+In her address, she emphasized the rights of the child, a group she often referred to as the "forgotten citizen" or "neglected citizen."<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Maria |last1=Montessori |year=1935 |title=Dr. Montessori's Message: The Forgotten Citizen |journal=Montessori Notes |volume=2 |issue=15 |pages=162 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Maria |last1=Montessori |year=2007 |title=The Forgotten Citizen |journal=Montessori Life |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Maria |last1=Montessori |year=2016 |chapter=Protection Against the Exploitation of Children |editor1-first=Gunter |editor1-last=Schulz-Benesch |title=The Child, Society and the World: Unpublished Speeches and Writings |pages=79–82 |isbn=978-90-79506-34-7 }}</ref><ref name="Montessori 2019 Forgotten Citizen">{{cite book |first1=Maria |last1=Montessori |year=2019 |chapter=The Forgotten Citizen |editor1-first=G. |editor1-last=Sackett |title=Citizen of the World: Key Montessori Readings |pages=47–53 }}</ref><ref name="Montessori 1992 Address in 40th Ann UNESCO"/><ref>{{cite book |first1=Maria |last1=Montessori |year=2002 |chapter=Speech at the Governing Board 1951 |editor1-first=M. |editor1-last=Elfert |title=50 Years UNESCO Institute for Education: towards an open learning world |publisher=UNESCO Institute for Education |pages=32–34 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000126240 }}</ref> Her profound statement at the time was:
 On 10 December 1951, the third anniversary of the [https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights], Montessori was among the invited guests at the UNESCO commemoration event. As she had done six months earlier before the UNESCO Board of Governors, Montessori used her platform to bring attention to the absence of a "Declaration of the Rights of the Child," asserting, "in truth, the [Universal] Declaration of Human Rights appears to be exclusively dedicated to adult society."<ref name="Montessori 2019 Forgotten Citizen"/>
@@ Line 267: / Line 278: @@
 ''To Educate the Human Potential'' (1947)
-==Notes==
+==General Resources==
-{{Reflist|30em}}
+* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Maria+Montessori&title=Special:MediaSearch&go=Go&type=image Maria Montessori at '''Wikipedia Commons''']
 ==Famous Montessori Graduates==
@@ Line 312: / Line 372: @@
 As for the impacts of Montessori education on student performance, your passage refers to a study by Lillard and Else-Quest in 2006, which found that Montessori students outperformed their non-Montessori peers in several areas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lillard |first1=Angeline S. |last2=Else-Quest |first2=Nicole |title=The Early Years: Evaluating Montessori Education |journal=Science |volume=313 |issue=5795 |pages=1893–1894 |year=2006 |pmid=17008528 |doi=10.1126/science.1132362 |url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/313/5795/1893.summary }}</ref> This provides some scientific basis for the benefits of Montessori education.
 ==References==

MontessoriX at 18:19, 20 July 2023

2023-07-20T18:19:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:19, 21 July 2023
Line 33:		Line 33:
	* Maria Montessori was brought into the world on the 31st day of August in the year 1870 in the Italian town of [[Chiaravalle, Marche\|Chiaravalle]].<ref name="Clifford">[https://www.springsmontessori.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/The-Life-and-Legacy-of-Maria-Montessori.pdf The Life and Legacy of Maria Montessori] by Daniel Clifford.</ref>		* Maria Montessori was brought into the world on the 31st day of August in the year 1870 in the Italian town of [[Chiaravalle, Marche\|Chiaravalle]].<ref name="Clifford">[https://www.springsmontessori.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/The-Life-and-Legacy-of-Maria-Montessori.pdf The Life and Legacy of Maria Montessori] by Daniel Clifford.</ref>
	* Her father, known as Alessandro Montessori, was a 33-year-old civil servant at the Ministry of Finance who served in the locally run state tobacco factory.<ref name="Clifford"/>		* Her father, known as Alessandro Montessori, was a 33-year-old civil servant at the Ministry of Finance who served in the locally run state tobacco factory.<ref name="Clifford"/>
	* Her mother, [[Renilde Stoppani]], who was 25 at the time of Maria's birth, had a progressive education for that era and had a family lineage tied to the well-known Italian geologist and paleontologist [[Antonio Stoppani]].<ref ~~name="AMI"~~>{{cite web \|title=Highlights from 'Communications 2007/1' \|url=http://www.montessori-ami.org/communications/commun2007_1.htm \|publisher=Association Montessori Internationale \|access-date=2 May 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214125212/http://www.montessori-ami.org/communications/commun2007_1.htm\|archive-date=14 December 2007 }}</~~ref><~~ref>{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1p=24\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2p=13}}~~</ref>~~		* Her mother, [[Renilde Stoppani]], who was 25 at the time of Maria's birth, had a progressive education for that era and had a family lineage tied to the well-known Italian geologist and paleontologist [[Antonio Stoppani]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Highlights from 'Communications 2007/1' \|url=http://www.montessori-ami.org/communications/commun2007_1.htm \|publisher=Association Montessori Internationale \|access-date=2 May 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214125212/http://www.montessori-ami.org/communications/commun2007_1.htm\|archive-date=14 December 2007 }}</ref>{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1p=24\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2p=13}}

	Despite the absence of any specific mentor in her life, Maria had a deep connection with her mother who actively nurtured and encouraged her ambitions. Her father, while loving, was not entirely supportive of her decision to pursue further education.~~<ref>~~{{sfn\|Flaherty\|nd}}~~</ref>~~{{clear}}		Despite the absence of any specific mentor in her life, Maria had a deep connection with her mother who actively nurtured and encouraged her ambitions. Her father, while loving, was not entirely supportive of her decision to pursue further education.{{sfn\|Flaherty\|nd}}{{clear}}
	===1883–1896: Journey through Education===		===1883–1896: Journey through Education===

	====Commencement of formal education====		====Commencement of formal education====
	In pursuit of her father's career, the Montessori family found their way to Florence in the year 1873, subsequently moving to Rome two years later, in 1875.<ref name="Clifford"/> Young Maria Montessori embarked on her educational journey at the age of 6, enrolling in a public elementary school in 1876.<ref name="Clifford"/> Her initial academic record did not highlight any extraordinary achievements,~~<ref>~~{{sfn\|Trabalzini\|2011\|p=7}}~~</ref>~~ although she did receive accolades for good conduct in her first grade and for proficiency in "lavori donneschi", a term that translates to "women's work", in the following year.~~<ref>~~{{sfn\|Kramer\|1976\|p=27}}~~</ref>~~		In pursuit of her father's career, the Montessori family found their way to Florence in the year 1873, subsequently moving to Rome two years later, in 1875.<ref name="Clifford"/> Young Maria Montessori embarked on her educational journey at the age of 6, enrolling in a public elementary school in 1876.<ref name="Clifford"/> Her initial academic record did not highlight any extraordinary achievements,{{sfn\|Trabalzini\|2011\|p=7}} although she did receive accolades for good conduct in her first grade and for proficiency in "lavori donneschi", a term that translates to "women's work", in the following year.{{sfn\|Kramer\|1976\|p=27}}

	After moving to Florence in 1873 and subsequently to Rome in 1875 due to her father Alessandro's professional commitments, Montessori enrolled in a public elementary school on Via di San Nicolo da Tolentino in 1876. The years between 1876 to 1882 were rather quiet, devoid of any significant incidents or accomplishments in Maria's life.<ref name="Clifford"/>		After moving to Florence in 1873 and subsequently to Rome in 1875 due to her father Alessandro's professional commitments, Montessori enrolled in a public elementary school on Via di San Nicolo da Tolentino in 1876. The years between 1876 to 1882 were rather quiet, devoid of any significant incidents or accomplishments in Maria's life.<ref name="Clifford"/>

MontessoriX at 17:57, 20 July 2023

2023-07-20T17:57:35Z

MontessoriX at 17:24, 20 July 2023

2023-07-20T17:24:38Z

Show changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:57, 21 July 2023
Line 33:		Line 33:
	* Maria Montessori was brought into the world on the 31st day of August in the year 1870 in the Italian town of [[Chiaravalle, Marche\|Chiaravalle]].<ref name="Clifford">[https://www.springsmontessori.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/The-Life-and-Legacy-of-Maria-Montessori.pdf The Life and Legacy of Maria Montessori] by Daniel Clifford.</ref>		* Maria Montessori was brought into the world on the 31st day of August in the year 1870 in the Italian town of [[Chiaravalle, Marche\|Chiaravalle]].<ref name="Clifford">[https://www.springsmontessori.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/The-Life-and-Legacy-of-Maria-Montessori.pdf The Life and Legacy of Maria Montessori] by Daniel Clifford.</ref>
	* Her father, known as Alessandro Montessori, was a 33-year-old civil servant at the Ministry of Finance who served in the locally run state tobacco factory.<ref name="Clifford"/>		* Her father, known as Alessandro Montessori, was a 33-year-old civil servant at the Ministry of Finance who served in the locally run state tobacco factory.<ref name="Clifford"/>
	* Her mother, [[Renilde Stoppani]], who was 25 at the time of Maria's birth, had a progressive education for that era and had a family lineage tied to the well-known Italian geologist and paleontologist [[Antonio Stoppani]].<ref name="AMI">{{cite web \|title=Highlights from 'Communications 2007/1' \|url=http://www.montessori-ami.org/communications/commun2007_1.htm \|publisher=Association Montessori Internationale \|access-date=2 May 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214125212/http://www.montessori-ami.org/communications/commun2007_1.htm\|archive-date=14 December 2007 }}</ref><ref ~~name="KramerTrabalzini"~~>{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1p=24\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2p=13}}</ref>		* Her mother, [[Renilde Stoppani]], who was 25 at the time of Maria's birth, had a progressive education for that era and had a family lineage tied to the well-known Italian geologist and paleontologist [[Antonio Stoppani]].<ref name="AMI">{{cite web \|title=Highlights from 'Communications 2007/1' \|url=http://www.montessori-ami.org/communications/commun2007_1.htm \|publisher=Association Montessori Internationale \|access-date=2 May 2013 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214125212/http://www.montessori-ami.org/communications/commun2007_1.htm\|archive-date=14 December 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1p=24\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2p=13}}</ref>

	Despite the absence of any specific mentor in her life, Maria had a deep connection with her mother who actively nurtured and encouraged her ambitions. Her father, while loving, was not entirely supportive of her decision to pursue further education.<ref ~~name="Flaherty"~~>{{sfn\|Flaherty\|nd}}</ref>{{clear}}		Despite the absence of any specific mentor in her life, Maria had a deep connection with her mother who actively nurtured and encouraged her ambitions. Her father, while loving, was not entirely supportive of her decision to pursue further education.<ref>{{sfn\|Flaherty\|nd}}</ref>{{clear}}
	===1883–1896: Journey through Education===		===1883–1896: Journey through Education===

	====Commencement of formal education====		====Commencement of formal education====
	In pursuit of her father's career, the Montessori family found their way to Florence in the year 1873, subsequently moving to Rome two years later, in 1875.<ref name="Clifford"/> Young Maria Montessori embarked on her educational journey at the age of 6, enrolling in a public elementary school in 1876.<ref name="Clifford"/> Her initial academic record did not highlight any extraordinary achievements,<ref ~~name="Trabalzini"~~>{{sfn\|Trabalzini\|2011\|p=7}}</ref> although she did receive accolades for good conduct in her first grade and for proficiency in "lavori donneschi", a term that translates to "women's work", in the following year.<ref ~~name="Kramer"~~>{{sfn\|Kramer\|1976\|p=27}}</ref>		In pursuit of her father's career, the Montessori family found their way to Florence in the year 1873, subsequently moving to Rome two years later, in 1875.<ref name="Clifford"/> Young Maria Montessori embarked on her educational journey at the age of 6, enrolling in a public elementary school in 1876.<ref name="Clifford"/> Her initial academic record did not highlight any extraordinary achievements,<ref>{{sfn\|Trabalzini\|2011\|p=7}}</ref> although she did receive accolades for good conduct in her first grade and for proficiency in "lavori donneschi", a term that translates to "women's work", in the following year.<ref>{{sfn\|Kramer\|1976\|p=27}}</ref>

	After moving to Florence in 1873 and subsequently to Rome in 1875 due to her father Alessandro's professional commitments, Montessori enrolled in a public elementary school on Via di San Nicolo da Tolentino in 1876. The years between 1876 to 1882 were rather quiet, devoid of any significant incidents or accomplishments in Maria's life.<ref name="Clifford"/>		After moving to Florence in 1873 and subsequently to Rome in 1875 due to her father Alessandro's professional commitments, Montessori enrolled in a public elementary school on Via di San Nicolo da Tolentino in 1876. The years between 1876 to 1882 were rather quiet, devoid of any significant incidents or accomplishments in Maria's life.<ref name="Clifford"/>
Line 46:		Line 46:

	* By 1883{{sfn\|Kramer\|1976\|p=31}} or 1884,{{sfn\|Trabalzini\|2011\|p=8}} at the tender age of 13, Maria Montessori began her educational journey at a boys' secondary school, the Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti. Here, she immersed herself in a wide range of subjects, including Italian, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, accounting, history, geography, and various scientific disciplines.		* By 1883{{sfn\|Kramer\|1976\|p=31}} or 1884,{{sfn\|Trabalzini\|2011\|p=8}} at the tender age of 13, Maria Montessori began her educational journey at a boys' secondary school, the Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti. Here, she immersed herself in a wide range of subjects, including Italian, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, accounting, history, geography, and various scientific disciplines.
	* Montessori completed her secondary education in 1886 with commendable grades and examination scores.~~<ref name="Kramer"/>~~ At 16, she continued her education at the prestigious Regio Istituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci, where she dove deeper into subjects such as Italian, mathematics, history, geography, drawing, physics, chemistry, botany, zoology, and foreign languages. Her knack for the sciences, particularly mathematics, began to shine during this time. Interestingly, while most women of her time who pursued secondary education typically aimed to become teachers, Montessori had different plans.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1pp=32–33\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2pp=7–8}}		* Montessori completed her secondary education in 1886 with commendable grades and examination scores. At 16, she continued her education at the prestigious Regio Istituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci, where she dove deeper into subjects such as Italian, mathematics, history, geography, drawing, physics, chemistry, botany, zoology, and foreign languages. Her knack for the sciences, particularly mathematics, began to shine during this time. Interestingly, while most women of her time who pursued secondary education typically aimed to become teachers, Montessori had different plans.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1pp=32–33\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2pp=7–8}}
	* Initially, Montessori had aspired to venture into the field of engineering upon her graduation, a highly unconventional ambition for a woman in that era.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1pp=32–33\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2pp=7–8}} However, by the time she graduated in 1890 with a certificate in physics–mathematics, she decided to pursue medicine, an even more improbable path considering the societal norms of the time.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1pp=32–33\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2pp=7–8}} This decision was met with resistance from both her father and the school administration who initially denied her entry.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1pp=32–33\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2pp=7–8}}		* Initially, Montessori had aspired to venture into the field of engineering upon her graduation, a highly unconventional ambition for a woman in that era.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1pp=32–33\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2pp=7–8}} However, by the time she graduated in 1890 with a certificate in physics–mathematics, she decided to pursue medicine, an even more improbable path considering the societal norms of the time.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1pp=32–33\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2pp=7–8}} This decision was met with resistance from both her father and the school administration who initially denied her entry.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1pp=32–33\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2pp=7–8}}
	* It is rumored that Pope Leo XIII interceded on Montessori's behalf, and thus, in 1890, she began her undergraduate studies at the University of Rome. In 1892, she embarked on her pursuit of a medical degree.<ref name="Standing">Standing, E. M. (1957). Maria Montessori: Her Life and Work. London: Hollis and Carter.</ref><ref name="MontessoriPsy">Montessori, M. (1949). The Absorbent Mind. Clio Press.</ref> This decision marked the beginning of her journey to become one of the first women in Italy to study medicine.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1pp=34–35\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2pp=9–10}}		* It is rumored that Pope Leo XIII interceded on Montessori's behalf, and thus, in 1890, she began her undergraduate studies at the University of Rome. In 1892, she embarked on her pursuit of a medical degree.<ref name="Standing">Standing, E. M. (1957). Maria Montessori: Her Life and Work. London: Hollis and Carter.</ref><ref name="MontessoriPsy">Montessori, M. (1949). The Absorbent Mind. Clio Press.</ref> This decision marked the beginning of her journey to become one of the first women in Italy to study medicine.{{sfnm\|Kramer\|1976\|1pp=34–35\|Trabalzini\|2011\|2pp=9–10}}